Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the total cohort

Age, year

61.8 ± 11.3

Sex

 Male

313 (66.7%)

 Female

156 (33.3%)

BMI, kg/m²

23.2 ± 3.1

Smoking

187 (39.9%)

Drinking

162 (34.5%)

Hypertension

124 (26.4%)

T2DM

46 (9.8%)

Neoadjuvant therapy

99 (21.1%)

Tumor size

  <5 cm

393 (83.8%)

  ≥5 cm

76 (16.2%)

TNM stage

 I

155 (33.1%)

 II

130 (27.7%)

 III

159 (33.9%)

 IV

25 (5.3%)

Ileostomy method

 OM

57 (12.2%)

 TM

412 (87.8%)