Fig. 4

Breakdown of the associated fractures in all patient groups with head and neck injuries. Notably, in each group, concomitant injuries to the cranial area presented the highest frequency. Forehead, lateral midfacial, and mandibular injuries more frequently presented with concomitant cranial injuries, and central midface and dentoalveolar injuries more frequently presented with injuries to the lower extremities. In the case of complex fractures and patients with head and neck soft tissue injuries, the distribution was the most balanced in terms of the craniocaudal relationship; however, in both cases, important central structures were mostly endangered (thorax, lumbar spine, and femur)